P‐wave transmission across fractures with nonlinear deformational behaviour     

X. B. Zhao  J. Zhao  J. G. Cai 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2006,30(11):1097-1112

Stress wave attenuation across fractured rock masses is a great concern of underground structure safety. When the wave amplitude is large, fractures experience nonlinear deformation during the wave propagation. This paper presents a study on normal transmission of P‐wave across parallel fractures with nonlinear deformational behaviour (static Barton–Bandis model). The results show that the magnitude of transmission coefficient is a function of incident wave amplitude, nondimensional fracture spacing and number of fractures. Two important indices of nondimensional fracture spacing are identified, and they divide the area of nondimensional fracture spacing into three parts (individual fracture area, transition area and small spacing area). In the different areas, the magnitude of transmission coefficient has different trends with nondimensional fracture spacing and number of fractures. In addition, the study reveals that under some circumstances, the magnitude of transmission coefficient increases with increasing number of fractures, and is larger than 1. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A new stereo‐analytical method for determination of removal blocks in discontinuous rock masses     

Zixin Zhang  P. H. S. W. Kulatilake 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2003,27(10):791-811

The paper provides a new stereo‐analytical method, which is a combination of the stereographic method and analytical methods, to separate finite removable blocks from the infinite and tapered blocks in discontinuous rock masses. The methodology has applicability to both convex and concave blocks. Application of the methodology is illustrated through examples. Addition of this method to the existing block theory procedures available in the literature improves the capability of block theory in solving practical problems in rock engineering. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Structural characterization of deep-water deposits in a foreland basin, Silla Syncline (Chilean Patagonia), with applications to depositional processes     

Joseph Gonzales  Atilla Aydin 《Journal of Structural Geology》2008,30(9):1095-1108

Based on our detailed structural characterization, we examine possible relationships between thrust faults and strike-slip faults and thrust-cored folds and depositional units in the Silla Syncline, a 4 km wide fold composed of fine-grained mudstone, coarse sandstone and conglomerate deposits of the Cerro Toro Formation in the Magallanes foreland basin, Chilean Patagonia. The syncline is bounded on its western flank by an asymmetric anticline and on its eastern flank by a broad zone of thrust faults and associated folds, which are oriented sub-parallel to the syncline axis. Deposition of the coarse-grained units of the Silla Syncline appears to have taken place in this structurally defined trough controlled primarily by thrust fault related growth structures flanking the syncline.The syncline and surrounding area have also been deformed by two sets of strike-slip faults, one right-lateral and one left-lateral. The strike-slip and thrust faulting operated contemporaneously for much of their active periods, although it appears that thrust faulting, confined within the fine-grained units, initiated slightly earlier than strike-slip faulting. In addition, younger igneous intrusions at high angle to bedding generally localize along the strike-slip faults. The cross-cutting relationships among the intrusions, strike-slip faults, and flexural slip faults show that all these structures were active during the same period, which extends beyond mid-Miocene.These conclusions support the premise that structures in deep-water sediments are important for understanding not only the deformation of a foreland basin, but also its depositional architecture.  相似文献   

1998年夏、冬季南海水团分析   总被引：15，自引：2，他引：15  

李磊  李凤岐  苏洁  许建平 《海洋与湖沼》2002,33(4):393-401

为了解南海水团的特征和分布 ,基于 1 998年夏季和冬季两个航次的实测资料 ,采用聚类分析、判别分析和模糊分析方法 ,对南海的水团进行了分析。结果表明 ,南海外海水可划分为 6个水团 ,即南海表层水团、南海次表层水团、南海次 中层混合水团、南海中层水团、南海深层水团和南海底盆水。越南附近夏季存在一个暖涡 ;1 998年夏季还可鉴别出黑潮表层水团和黑潮次表层水团 ,但在冬季观测期间无黑潮水越过 1 1 9.5°E经线进入南海 ;这些现象可能与厄尔尼诺现象有关联。夏季有苏禄海海水在 5 0— 75m层经由民都洛海峡侵入南海  相似文献   

Local remineralization patterns in the mesopelagic zone of the Eastern North Atlantic, off the NW Iberian Peninsula     

C.G. Castro  M. Nieto-Cid  X.A. lvarez-Salgado  F.F. Prez 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2006,53(12):1925-1940

The short-time-scale variability of the remineralization patterns in the domain of Eastern North Atlantic Central Waters (ENACW) off the NW Iberian Peninsula is studied based on biogeochemical data (oxygen, nutrient salts, total alkalinity, pH, dissolved organic matter and fluorescence of dissolved humic substances) collected weekly between May 2001 and April 2002. The temporal variability of inorganic variables points to an intensification of remineralization during the summer and autumn, with an increase of nutrients, total inorganic carbon and fluorescence and a decrease of oxygen. During the subsequent winter mixing, there is a biogeochemical reset of the system, with lower nutrients, total inorganic carbon and fluorescence and higher oxygen. In contrast to inorganic variables, the levels of dissolved organic matter in the ENACW seem to respond to short-term events probably associated with fast sinking particles, where solubilisation of organic matter prevails over remineralization. Applying a previously published stoichiometric model, we observed a vertical fractionation of organic-matter remineralization. Although there is a preferential remineralization of proteins and P compounds in the entire domain of ENACW, the percentage was higher in the upper ENACW (σ<27.10 kg/m³) than in the lower; the percentage of N and P compounds in the oxidised organic matter was >80% for the upper ENACW and 63% for the lower. Likewise, the redissolution of calcareous structures contributes about 6% and 13% to the carbon regenerated in the upper and lower layers of ENACW, respectively.  相似文献   

Atlas of Japan (East) Sea hydrographic properties in summer, 1999     

Lynne D. Talley  Pavel Tishchenko  Vladimir Luchin  Alexander Nedashkovskiy  Sergey Sagalaev  Dong-Jin Kang  Mark Warner  Dong-Ha Min 《Progress in Oceanography》2004,61(2-4):277

Hydrographic properties from CTD and discrete bottle sample profiles covering the Japan (East) Sea in summer, 1999, are presented in vertical sections, maps at standard depths, maps on isopycnal surfaces, and as property–property distributions. This data set covers most of the Sea with the exception of the western boundary region and northern Tatar Strait, and includes nutrients, pH, alkalinity, and chlorofluorocarbons, as well as the usual temperature, salinity, and oxygen observations.  相似文献   

东海1999年夏、冬上层水团的温、盐分布及其与历史平均状况的比较   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

吕华庆 《海洋学研究》2006,24(1):28-36

通过综合分析有关文献资料,提出了东海表层各个水团的温、盐指标并把它们分成3个水系(沿岸水系、混合水系和黑潮水系)。把1999年7月和2000年2月的观测结果与历史(1907~1986年的7月和2月)平均值比较后发现:1999年7月,东海表层水团及台湾暖流北上势力弱于历史平均状况,但它们朝东北方向推进;长江冲淡水的外侧部分在济州岛西南具有朝东南方向伸展的特征。2000年2月,黑潮入侵势力强于历史平均状况;黄海水团入侵东海的势力不大;与10~14℃等温线组成的浙江沿岸温度锋相对应,盐度锋不明显。根据东海各水团的温、盐判别数据,将实测资料和历史平均值资料进行对比,可判别各水团的分布和变化特征。  相似文献   

1998年夏季南海水团分析   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

刘增宏  李磊  许建平  侍茂崇 《海洋学研究》2001,19(3):1-10

根据 1 998年夏季“南海季风试验 ( SCSMEX)”期间所获的 CTD资料 ,使用系统聚类、Fuzzy模式聚类、Bayes判别分析和 Fuzzy分析等水团分析方法 ,对南海水体的结构和水团配置状况等进行了分析 ,划出了南海存在的 9个主要水团 ,并对各水团的温、盐度特征进行了初析。在调查期间 ,南海本地水 (南海水 )几乎控制了整个调查海区 ,而黑潮水仅出现在台湾岛的西南海域 ;海水强烈混合发生在吕宋海峡附近 ;在中南半岛以东和吕宋岛以西海域 ,表层水明显下沉 ;在南海东南部可能有来自苏禄海的海水 ,其温、盐度特征类似于吕宋海峡中的黑潮水  相似文献   

Effects of high-order nonlinear interactions on unidirectional wave trains   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Nobuhito Mori  Takashi Yasuda 《Ocean Engineering》2002,29(10):1233-1245

Numerical simulations of gravity waves with high-order nonlinearities in two-dimensional domain are performed by using the pseudo spectral method. High-order nonlinearities more than third order excite apparently chaotic evolutions of the Fourier energy in deep water random waves. The high-order nonlinearities increase kurtosis, wave height distribution and H_max/H_1/3 in deep water and decrease these wave statistics in shallow water. Moreover, they can generate a single extreme high wave with an outstanding crest height in deep water. High-order nonlinearities (more than third order) can be regarded as one cause of freak waves in deep water.  相似文献   

Mean flow and variability in the southwestern East Sea     

Kyung-Il Chang  Nelson G. Hogg  Moon-Sik Suk  Sang-Kyung Byun  Young-Gyu Kim  Kuh Kim 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2002,49(12)

The Ulleung Basin is one of three deep basins that are contained within the East/Japan Sea. Current meter moorings have been maintained in this basin beginning in 1996. The data from these moorings are used to investigate the mean circulation pattern, variability of deep flows, and volume transports of major water masses in the Ulleung Basin with supporting hydrographic data and help from a high-resolution numerical model. The bottom water within the Ulleung Basin, which must enter through a constricted passage from the north, is found to circulate cyclonically—a pattern that seems prevalent throughout the East Sea. A strong current of about 6 cms⁻¹ on average flows southward over the continental slope off the Korean coast underlying the northward East Korean Warm Current as part of the mean abyssal cyclonic circulation. Volume transports of the northward East Korean Warm Current, and southward flowing East Sea Intermediate Water and East Sea Proper Water are estimated to be 1.4 Sv (1 Sv=10⁻⁶ m³ s⁻¹), 0.8 Sv, and 3.0–4.0 Sv, respectively. Deep flow variability involves a wide range of time scales with no apparent seasonal variations, whereas the deep currents in the northern East Sea are known to be strongly seasonal.  相似文献